Maintaining cardiovascular health can protect cognitive decline in later life. In a 21-year study, people with a higher cardiovascular risk score had a faster decline in memory and brain volume.

In mice, gene therapy increased muscle mass, lowered fat, and reduced osteoarthritis symptoms even without exercise.  The gene, follistatin, blocks the activity of a protein that regulates muscle growth.

Ketogenic diets (KD) —low in carbohydrates, high in fat —produce ketone bodies that reduce inflammation and Bifidobacteria, which can be beneficial but increase inflammatory Th17 cells; KD reduces Th17 cells.

The enzyme HDAC1 can repair age-related DNA damage to genes involved in memory and cognition. Restoring HDAC1 could be beneficial in Alzheimer's disease and to protect cognitive function.