The monocyte cells Cxcl10+, in addition to T and B cells, cause the myelin sheath breakdown seen in multiple sclerosis. New treatment options could focus on deactivating Cxcl10+ monocytes.

Brain cells called astrocytes regulate memory and learning abilities. The transcription factor NFIA regulates astrocyte development. Mice without NFIA had defective astrocytes in the hippocampus.

Rapamycin, a drug that has been studied for its longevity-promoting effects, reversed gum disease, reduced inflammation, and created new tooth bone growth in a study of mice.

Age-related hearing loss (ARHL), also known as presbycusis, affects 1 in 5 people over age 50 and is irreversible. Mitochondrial dysfunction could cause the neuron loss associated with ARHL.