Certain gut microbes can upregulate butyrate production, which increases BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor) levels, which serves a crucial role in cognitive function.

Tumors with low levels of vitamin D receptors (VDR) grew faster and were more likely to spread. VDR enables vitamin D to bind to the cell. Increasing VDR on melanoma cells slowed cancer growth.

People who did any amount of running had a 27% lower risk of death from any cause. Running as little as once per week, for 50 minutes or less, still produced the benefits.

The gene PSEN1 leads to early-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD), while those with a  mutation do not show signs of AD until much later, possibly by limiting tau pathology and neurodegeneration.