Glial cells are brain support cells that can be turned into neurons by gene therapy, repairing damage after strokes in mice. This can regenerate neurons and may be a new way to treat stroke.

When cells compensate for low energy production, this can become maladaptive and result in reduced mitochondrial function and memory. This maladaptive progress can lead to Alzheimer's disease progression.

The UroPanc study is validating a urine test to diagnose early-stage pancreatic cancer. The test measures 3 protein biomarkers in the urine, which detects early-stage pancreatic cancer with 95% accuracy so far.

Exosomes may be able to repair sun-damaged skin. Researchers made 3-D exosomes from human skin cells, which increased skin thickness and collagen more than retinoid cream, 2-D exosomes and stem cells.