Lactate is a memory-boosting molecular messenger produced by the gut microbe Lactobacillus (L. reuteri.) Feeding either L. reuteri or lactate to mice improved memory and increased GABA.

Circadian rhythm function declines with age and disrupts sleep; the age-related decline in NAD+ levels may be a reason why this occurs. Supplemental NAD+ restored circadian functions in mice.

In mice without a regulator of cell death, their eggs repaired DNA damage to maintain fertility, which is hopeful for women over 35 trying to become pregnant or with damaged eggs from cancer treatment.

Aerobic exercise boosts blood flow to brain regions that regulate memory, the hippocampus and anterior cingulate cortex. Older adults who exercised had a 47 percent improvement in memory scores.